Two-Photon Polymerization (2PP)

Two-Photon Polymerization (2PP) is an advanced micro- and nano-fabrication technology that enables the direct writing of three-dimensional structures with sub-micron and nanometric resolution.

2PP Printing Principle

2PP relies on the simultaneous absorption of two photons in a highly focused laser spot to initiate polymerization only at the focal point. This nonlinear process allows polymerization to occur exclusively within a very small volume inside the resin.

As a result, structures can be written freely in three dimensions without the need for layer-by-layer exposure.

Resolution and Precision

Two-photon polymerization offers unmatched resolution compared to other additive manufacturing technologies. Feature sizes well below one micron can be achieved, enabling true nano- and micro-scale fabrication.

Precision and repeatability depend on resin chemistry, laser parameters and writing strategy.

Applications

2PP is used in micro-optics, photonics, biomedical scaffolds, microfluidics, MEMS, metamaterials and research applications where extreme precision is required.

The technology enables the fabrication of structures that are not achievable with conventional manufacturing methods.

Relevance for 3Dresyns

3Dresyns develops specialized photopolymer systems for two-photon polymerization, optimized for writing speed, resolution and mechanical stability.

These materials are designed to support controlled fabrication at the micro- and nano-scale while maintaining reproducibility and performance.