Ceramic-reinforced dental 3D printing resins peer reviewed research
Ceramic-reinforced dental 3D printing resin research.
3Dresyns 3D-ADD CCA1 is a ceramic composite concentrate mixed into a dental AM resin; the trueness and fit metrics belong to the complete formulation, the printing workflow and the study design.
Evidence in numbers
What this page covers
3Dresyns 3D-ADD CCA1 is a ceramic composite concentrate, a paste of nanosized reinforcing ceramics that is mixed into a chosen dental photopolymer resin to modify its properties. Two peer-reviewed in-vitro studies used it to modify an additively manufactured (AM) interim crown resin: one evaluated the printability of the resulting crowns (manufacturing trueness and internal fit), the other the mechanical properties and reliability of the modified resin.
CCA1 is named in the Materials and Methods of both studies and the authors acknowledge 3DResyns for guidance on the modification. In each study CCA1 was mixed at 30 percent by weight into an interim resin (the modified resin is labelled AM-IR), then compared with unmodified interim and definitive resins.
Across both studies the reported metrics, that is trueness and internal fit, flexural strength, fracture toughness, Vickers hardness and Weibull reliability, are properties of the complete printed formulation, the printer and post-processing, the specimen geometry and the test protocol. The studies measured laboratory printability and mechanical behaviour, not clinical performance. The results are attributed to the authors, not presented as first-party claims by 3Dresyns.
What peer-reviewed research reported
Can an interim resin modified with the ceramic concentrate print crowns within accepted fit limits?
A 2024 in-vitro study in The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry (Sabatini, Donmez, Cakmak and co-authors; University of Bern, Biruni University, University of Sao Paulo, Seoul National University and The Ohio State University) evaluated the manufacturing trueness and internal fit of crowns printed from three resins: an interim resin with no fillers (AM-I, a third-party product), the same interim resin modified with 30 wt% of the ceramic composite concentrate (AM-IR, prepared with 3D-ADD CCA1 from 3DResyns), and a separate ceramic-filled resin marketed for definitive use (AM-D, a third-party product). The authors selected the 30 wt% loading after preliminary testing, within the 20 to 30 wt% range recommended by the concentrate manufacturer.
Thirty crowns (10 per group) were printed on a DLP printer (Asiga MAX UV) at 50 micron layers, post-processed and post-cured, then digitised with an intraoral scanner and analysed in metrology software following ISO 12836, using RMS surface deviation and a triple-scan internal-gap protocol. The CCA1-modified resin (AM-IR) showed the highest overall and external RMS (about 56.6 and 67.3 micron), a higher intaglio RMS than the definitive resin, and the highest average internal gap (about 105.4 micron, versus about 87.2 for AM-D and 82.6 for AM-I). The authors report that these differences were relatively small and that the internal gaps of all groups stayed below the 120 micron clinical misfit threshold they cite, concluding that the differences may be clinically negligible and that the modified resin may be a suitable alternative for AM crowns.
These trueness and fit values are properties of the complete AM-IR formulation, the STL design, the Asiga DLP printer, the post-processing and the scanning and analysis workflow, not of neat CCA1. The role of CCA1 is to modify the resin; the study measured the printability and fit of the resulting crowns, not mechanical strength or clinical outcomes. The authors note in-vitro limitations: a single printer, standardised parameters, no subtractive-manufacturing group and no ageing.
Does the ceramic concentrate improve the resin's mechanical properties and reliability?
A 2025 in-vitro study in The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry (Sabatini, Yoon, Cakmak and co-authors; University of Bern, Seoul National University, Biruni University and The Ohio State University) measured the flexural strength, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and Weibull reliability of bar and disk specimens printed from four resins, including the same interim resin reinforced with 30 wt% of 3D-ADD CCA1 from 3DResyns (AM-IR). Specimens were printed on the same DLP printer (Asiga MAX UV) at 50 micron layers, following ISO 6872:2024 specimen geometries, and compared with an unmodified interim resin and two resins marketed for definitive use.
The CCA1-modified resin (AM-IR) reached a flexural strength of about 113.6 MPa, statistically similar to a ceramic-filled resin marketed for definitive use (about 120.3 MPa) and above the 100 MPa threshold the authors cite from ISO 6872:2024 for adhesively cemented single-unit restorations. AM-IR also showed the highest fracture toughness and the highest Weibull modulus among the tested resins, which the authors read as greater resistance to crack propagation and greater reliability. Its Vickers hardness, however, stayed at the level of the interim resins, so the authors note it may be more prone to wear than the ceramic-filled definitive resin.
These mechanical values are properties of the complete AM-IR formulation, the printer, the ISO-standard specimen geometry, the post-processing and the test protocol, not of neat CCA1. The authors frame the modified resin as suitable for adhesively cemented single-unit restorations and as a way to extend the longevity of interim prostheses, and they list in-vitro limitations: simple specimen geometries rather than crowns, a single printer, no subtractive-manufacturing control and no ageing.
Which component does what
Separating the 3Dresyns material from the measurement
| Element | What it is | Role in the study |
|---|---|---|
| 3Dresyns 3D-ADD CCA1 | Ceramic composite concentrate (nanosized reinforcing ceramic paste, A1) | The 3Dresyns material; mixed at 30 wt% into the interim resin to create the modified resin AM-IR |
| Interim resin (AM-I) | Filler-free interim crown resin (third-party) | The base resin that CCA1 modifies; also tested unmodified as a comparator |
| Definitive resin (AM-D) | Ceramic-filled resin marketed for definitive use (third-party) | A separate comparator material; not a 3Dresyns product and not the same as the CCA1-modified resin |
| Printer, post-processing, scanning, analysis | Asiga MAX UV DLP printer, post-cure, intraoral scanner, ISO 12836 metrology software | Produce the trueness (RMS) and internal-gap values reported by the authors |
Mobile: scroll horizontally to view all columns; the first column stays visible. CCA1 modifies the resin; the measured trueness and fit belong to the full formulation and the printing and analysis workflow.
Evidence at a glance
What the study used and reported
| Study | 3Dresyns material | Role | Workflow | Reported result | Firewall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2024 (Sabatini et al.) | 3D-ADD CCA1 at 30 wt% | Ceramic composite concentrate modifying the interim AM resin (AM-IR) | Asiga MAX UV DLP, 50 micron layers, post-cure, intraoral scan, ISO 12836 metrology, RMS and triple-scan gap | AM-IR overall RMS about 56.6 micron and average gap about 105.4 micron: lower trueness and higher gaps than the comparators, but all gaps below the 120 micron threshold and differences small, judged clinically acceptable by the authors | Trueness and fit belong to the full formulation, printer, post-processing and analysis, not to neat CCA1 |
| The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2025 (Sabatini et al.) | 3D-ADD CCA1 at 30 wt% | Ceramic composite concentrate reinforcing the interim AM resin (AM-IR) | Asiga MAX UV DLP, 50 micron layers, ISO 6872:2024 specimens; flexural strength, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and Weibull analysis | AM-IR flexural strength about 113.6 MPa (similar to a definitive ceramic-filled resin and above the 100 MPa ISO threshold), highest fracture toughness and highest Weibull modulus; Vickers hardness at interim-resin level, which the authors note may mean higher wear | Mechanical values belong to the full formulation, printer, ISO specimen geometry and protocol, not to neat CCA1 |
Mobile: scroll horizontally to view all columns; the first column stays visible. Results are reported by the authors for their specific in-vitro model and protocol, and are not first-party performance claims by 3Dresyns.
Research scope and regulatory note
In-vitro printability and fit research, not clinical performance
The study is in-vitro, based on a single typodont preparation and a single printer with standardised parameters, without a subtractive-manufacturing group and without ageing. It reports the printability and fit of the tested crowns; it does not establish mechanical strength, wear, long-term behaviour or clinical performance, which the authors identify as future work.
3D-ADD CCA1 is used as a ceramic composite concentrate in a modified dental AM resin formulation. Reported trueness, RMS deviation and internal-gap values belong to the complete AM-I + 30 wt% CCA1 crown formulation, STL design, DLP printing workflow, post-processing, intraoral scanning, triple-scan protocol and study design, not to neat CCA1 specifications or clinical performance claims. These are in-vitro research findings published by the authors, not first-party performance claims by 3Dresyns.
3Dresyns dental materials and additives are supplied as professional manufacturing materials and are not marketed here as finished medical devices. The regulatory classification, conformity assessment, validated workflow and final clinical use of any dental appliance, model, restoration or device manufactured with these materials remain the responsibility of the legal manufacturer under applicable regulations, including Regulation (EU) 2017/745.
Related 3Dresyns materials & resources
The concentrate and where to find it
The ceramic composite concentrate named in the Methods, plus the dental range and the evidence hub.
More 3Dresyns evidence
Browse the full catalogue of peer-reviewed publications, market analyses and reviews whose Methods identify 3Dresyns materials.