Ceramic-reinforced dental 3D printing resins peer reviewed research
Ceramic-reinforced dental 3D printing resins — peer-reviewed research
This page summarises independent peer-reviewed studies in which a commercially available 3Dresyns ceramic composite concentrate, 3D-ADD CCA1, was mechanically incorporated into an additively manufactured interim dental resin. The findings below are attributed to the study authors and apply to the tested formulations, specimen geometries and processing conditions.
Research material and formulation route
Across the cited studies, the reinforced formulation was prepared by incorporating 30 wt% 3D-ADD CCA1 into the tested unfilled interim resin. The studies compared that modified resin with the corresponding unreinforced interim resin and with ceramic-filled materials used as reference groups.
2024 — manufacturing trueness and internal fit of crowns
A multicentre study published in the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry evaluated additively manufactured crowns produced from an interim resin reinforced with 30 wt% ceramic composite concentrate. The reinforced crowns showed lower trueness and higher average internal gaps than some reference groups; however, the authors reported that the differences among materials were small and that the internal gaps remained within previously reported thresholds.
Read the study on PubMed · DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.09.005
2025 — mechanical properties and reliability
A second Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry study evaluated flexural strength, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and Weibull reliability. The ceramic-concentrate-reinforced interim resin showed significantly higher flexural strength than the unfilled interim reference, the highest fracture toughness among the tested groups and the highest Weibull modulus. Its hardness remained similar to the interim-use resin groups rather than the ceramic-filled definitive-use reference.
Read the study on PubMed · DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2025.01.003
2026 — surface roughness, staining and translucency after coffee thermal cycling
A Journal of Prosthodontics study compared the reinforced interim resin with the unreinforced interim resin and a ceramic-filled definitive-use resin before and after polishing and 10,000 coffee thermal cycles. All tested groups achieved clinically acceptable surface roughness after polishing and ageing under the study conditions. The reinforced interim resin showed greater colour change than the definitive reference and a reduction in translucency after coffee thermal cycling, highlighting an aesthetic trade-off that must be considered for the intended application.
Read the study at Journal of Prosthodontics · DOI: 10.1111/jopr.70131
What these studies support
- 3D-ADD CCA1 was used as a ceramic composite concentrate to modify an existing additively manufactured interim dental resin.
- The effect of reinforcement is property-specific: mechanical performance, manufacturing accuracy, surface properties and optical ageing do not move in the same direction.
- Material modification should therefore be assessed against the actual restoration geometry, printer, post-processing workflow and required mechanical and aesthetic endpoints.
Scope and regulatory interpretation
These publications are in vitro research studies. Their results should not be generalised to every resin, concentration, printer, workflow or finished dental device. They do not by themselves establish clinical suitability, biocompatibility, regulatory approval or certification of a finished device. Final-device qualification remains dependent on the legal manufacturer’s intended use, validated manufacturing process and applicable regulatory requirements.